登陆注册
19590100000124

第124章

Industrial Organization Continued.

The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Localities 1.In an early stage of civilization every place had to depend on its own resources for most of the heavy wares which it consumed; unless indeed it happened to have special facilities for water carriage.But wants and customs changed slowly: and this made it easy for producers to meet the wants even of consumers with whom they had little communication; and it enabled comparatively poor people to buy a few expensive goods from a distance, in the security that they would add to the pleasure of festivals and holidays during a life-time, or perhaps even during two or three lifetimes.Consequently the lighter and more expensive articles of dress and personal adornment, together with spices and some kinds of metal implements used by all classes, and many other things for the special use of the rich, often came from astonishing distances.Some of these were produced only in a few places, or even only in one place; and they were diffused all over Europe partly by the agency of fairs(1*) and professional pedlers, and partly by the producers themselves, who would vary their work by travelling on foot for many thousand miles to sell their goods and see the world.These sturdy travellers took on themselves the risks of their little businesses; they enabled the production of certain classes of goods to be kept on the right track for satisfying the needs of purchasers far away; and they created new wants among consumers, by showing them at fairs or at their own houses new goods from distant lands.An industry concentrated in certain localities is commonly, though perhaps not quite accurately, described as a localized industry.(2*)This elementary localization of industry gradually prepared the way for many of the modern developments of division of labour in the mechanical arts and in the task of business management.

Even now we find industries of a primitive fashion localized in retired villages of central Europe, and sending their simple wares even to the busiest haunts of modern industry.In Russia the expansion of a family group into a village has often been the cause of a localized industry; and there are an immense number of villages each of which carries on only one branch of production, or even only a part of one.(3*)2.Many various causes have led to the localization of industries; but the chief causes have been physical conditions;such as the character of the climate and the soil, the existence of mines and quarries in the neighbourhood, or within easy access by land or water.Thus metallic industries have generally been either near mines or in places where fuel was cheap.The iron industries in England first sought those districts in which charcoal was plentiful, and afterwards they went to the neighbourhood of collieries.(4*) Staffordshire makes many kinds of pottery, all the materials of which are imported from a long distance; but she has cheap coal and excellent clay for making the heavy "saggars" or boxes in which the pottery is placed while being fired.Straw plaiting has its chief home in Bedfordshire, where straw has just the right proportion of silex to give strength without brittleness; and Buckinghamshire beeches have afforded the material for the Wycombe chairmaking.The Sheffield cutlery trade is due chiefly to the excellent grit of which its grindstones are made.

Another chief cause has been the patronage of a court.The rich folk there assembled make a demand for goods of specially high quality, and this attracts skilled workmen from a distance, and educates those on the spot.When an Eastern potentate changed his residence -- and, partly for sanitary reasons, this was constantly done -- the deserted town was apt to take refuge in the development of a specialized industry, which had owed its origin to the presence of the court.But very often the rulers deliberately invited artisans from a distance and settled them in a group together.Thus the mechanical faculty of Lancashire is said to be due to the influence of Norman smiths who were settled at Warrington by Hugo de Lupus in William the Conqueror's time.

同类推荐
  • 六十种曲昙花记

    六十种曲昙花记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 义勇

    义勇

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 前后七国志

    前后七国志

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 灵素节注类编

    灵素节注类编

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • THE VALLEY OF FEAR

    THE VALLEY OF FEAR

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 虐杀原型之涅槃

    虐杀原型之涅槃

    死去的ALEX重获新生,是自己一意孤行,还是努力改变错误,生或死,新的虐杀之路由此开始
  • 腹黑召唤:王妃在上

    腹黑召唤:王妃在上

    穿越后发现自己丹田里多了个东西,是长了个肿瘤吗?她还没斗倒他、她、她、她和他,就要自己长肿瘤长死了?而且肿瘤长成一棵草的样子是什么鬼?尼玛,这玩意会说话!召唤是什么鬼?我没召唤你!快死开!她原本应该葬于一场大火,然而再次睁开眼睛,竟然成了一个懦弱无能的王妃?死不可怕,活得窝囊才可怕,她会让那些欺善怕恶的宵小明白,什么才是真正的欺善怕恶!【情节虚构,请勿模仿】
  • TFboys星辰花的承诺

    TFboys星辰花的承诺

    她是准备出道的练习生,谢星言。然而,就在她准备出道的那一天,她苦逼穿越到修仙古代,没想到的是,那三个少年居然也在这里。在这个时代,他给她的承诺,再回到21世纪之后,他是否还在意,那个她,拥有着那种花语的花。(这不是穿越文这不是穿越文这不是穿越文,重要的事情说三遍,穿越只是铺垫!)
  • 夫妻那点事:婚姻密码

    夫妻那点事:婚姻密码

    一个来自大上海的辣妹子蓝雪晴,一个来自江南小镇的乖男孩杨墨,这对80后独生子女夫妻之间的种种差异,导致了一出出家庭闹剧。在这场婆媳两的战争中,丈夫的软弱和对母亲的一味顺从,让蓝雪晴对丈夫大失所望。女儿出生以后,婆婆重男轻女,层出不穷的矛盾冲突迫使这对年轻的80后夫妻终于闪离。然而,峰回路转,一件大事的发生让蓝雪晴看到杨墨身上无可替代的优点,和前夫再谈恋爱,终于让她明白了什么才是婚姻!
  • 穿越之三国皇后

    穿越之三国皇后

    云逸飞,云国皇帝,脸上总是潇洒而温暖的笑,哇美男子啊,我的老乡,都是穿越来的,他是皇帝我是乞丐,有他当我靠山,我做米虫,做他皇后是因为他最了解我,我们都是穿越来的,可我们最后……生死相别,进退两难之地。月初阳,月国皇帝,一张娃娃脸,笑如春风,总是一直傻傻的对我好,我看着他总想捏捏他的脸,他说:“做我皇后,让我保护你,忘了以前的悲伤,我会让你永远快乐,我等你直到愿意放下以前的一切,只要你幸福我就快乐。”夜凌风,夜国的皇帝,俊美的五官,倾国倾城,他太不是人,有这样的人,让女子都没脸活了,清俗脱尘,风华绝代。她曾是三国皇帝的皇后,最终的归属是什么了?
  • 宛如一场梦

    宛如一场梦

    ps:本文中间会略污加番茄!咳咳,女主无节操烟陌儿和她的小伙伴们进入了穿越之旅,不了,时空裂缝出现漏洞,大家都分散在了各个时空里。某卿嘟嘴:“女人,你要对我负责。”某陌妩媚一笑:“负责?不就是睡了你么?凭什么?。”某卿嘴角勾起:“就凭,我能让靠近你身边的男人给不了你性福。”某陌满脸黑线:“你,威胁我?”大神降世,欺负她,也不掂掂自己算哪斤白菜;伤她至亲?二十四世纪世界第一金牌特工也不是盖的;抢她男人,打赢我再说!
  • 雇主观察日记

    雇主观察日记

    被女人公主抱。被女人救了小命。被女人单膝跪下求婚。被女人握着手深情款款地说:“跟我生个孩子吧。”沈浮的命运在这一秒,仿佛达到了悲剧的顶峰。对此,他只想说:“如果我没有错,她也没有错,那么错的,一定是这个世界。”
  • 习惯成就命运

    习惯成就命运

    习惯是人的思维定势,是一种潜移默化的力量,它既可以为你带来光明,也可以把你引向黑暗。多一个好习惯,就会多一次成功的机会;多一个好习惯,就会多一份成功的信心。因此,一个人也许没有很好的天赋,但是一旦有了好的习惯,就一定会给自己带来好的命运,成就一生的幸福。
  • 阿西莫夫:复仇女神
  • 锁心之恋

    锁心之恋

    我说过了,不可能。如若你真的不愿与我在一起,我便也如你所愿。只是我会随便去找个女人结婚,过个四年再离婚,到那个时候你应该不会再有拒绝的理由了吧?倘若你觉得还不够,我可以再来个四年!能遇见你,已是上天的眷顾!结婚?一个离过婚的人怎配拥有爱情!只求上天垂怜,让我能够孤独终老,死在你的后面,那样,你死后我就可以靠在你的碑前。那一刻你是属于我的。如若此生不能和这个女人在一起,那么祈求上天,以后的生生世世,让这个女人深爱我,离不开我,却永远不要让她得到我,让她也尝尝我此生的滋味。