登陆注册
19590100000038

第38章

1.A woman may display wealth, but she may not display only her wealth, by her dress; or else she defeats her ends.She must also suggest some distinction of character as well as of wealth; for though her dress may owe more to her dressmaker than to herself, yet there is a traditional assumption that, being less busy than man with external affairs, she can give more time to taking thought as to her dress.Even under the sway of modern fashions, to be "well dressed" - not "expensively dressed" is a reasonable minor aim for those who desire to be distinguished for their faculties and abilities; and this will be still more the case if the evil dominion of the wanton vagaries of fashion should pass away.For to arrange costumes beautiful in themselves, various and well-adapted to their purposes, is an object worthy of high endeavour; it belongs to the same class, though not to the same rank in that class, as the painting of a good picture.

2.It is true that many active-minded working men prefer cramped lodgings in a town to a roomy cottage in the country; but that is because they have a strong taste for those activities for which a country life offers little scope.

3.See Book II, ch.III, sec.3.

4.As a minor point it may be noticed that those drinks which stimulate the mental activities are largely displacing those which merely gratify the senses.The consumption of tea is increasing very fast, while that of alcohol is stationary; and there is in all ranks of society a diminishing demand for the grosser and more immediately stupefying forms of alcohol.

5.This doctrine is laid down by Banfield, and adopted by Jevons as the key of his position.It is unfortunate that here as elsewhere Jevons' delight in stating his case strongly has led him to a conclusion, which not only is inaccurate, but does mischief by implying that the older economists were more at fault than they really were.Banfield says "the first proposition of the theory of consumption is that the satisfaction of every lower want in the scale creates a desire of a higher character." And if this were true, the above doctrine, which he bases on it, would be true also.But, as Jevons points out (Theory, 2nd Ed.p.59), it is not true: and he substitutes for it the statement that the satisfaction of a lower want permits a higher want to manifest itself.That is a true and indeed an identical proposition: but it affords no support to the claims of the Theory of Consumption to supremacy.

6.Political Economy, ch.II.

7.The formal classification of Wants is a task not without interest; but it is not needed for our purposes.The basis of most modern work in this direction is to be found in Hermann's Staatswirtschaftliche Untersuchungen, Ch.II, where wants are classified as "absolute and relative, higher and lower, urgent and capable of postponement, positive and negative, direct and indirect, general and particular, constant and interrupted, permanent and temporary, ordinary and extraordinary, present and future, individual and collective, private and public." Some analysis of wants and desires is to be found in the great majority of French and other Continental treatises on economics even of the last generation; but the rigid boundary which English writers have ascribed to their science has excluded such discussions.And it is a characteristic fact that there is no allusion to them in Bentham's Manual of Political Economy, although his profound analysis of them in the Principles of Morals and legislation and in the Table of the Springs of Human Action has exercised a wide-spread influence.Hermann had studied Bentham; and on the other hand Banfield, whose lectures were perhaps the first ever given in an English University that owed much directly to German economic thought, acknowledges special obligations to Hermann.In England the way was prepared for Jevons' excellent work on the theory of wants, by Bentham himself; by Senior, whose short remarks on the subject are pregnant with far-reaching hints; by Banfield, and by the Australian Hearn.Hearn's Plutology or Theory of the Efforts to satisfy Human Wants is at once simple and profound: it affords an admirable example of the way in which detailed analysis may be applied to afford a training of a very high order for the young, and to give them an intelligent acquaintance with the economic conditions of life, without forcing upon them any particular solution of those more difficult problems on which they are not yet able to form an independent judgment.At about the same time as Jevons' Theory appeared, Carl Menger gave a great impetus to the subtle and interesting studies of wants and utilities by the Austrian school of economists: they had already been initiated by von Thunen, as is indicated in the Preface to this Volume.

同类推荐
  • 佛祖宗派世谱

    佛祖宗派世谱

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 省心杂言

    省心杂言

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Virginibus Puerisque

    Virginibus Puerisque

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • THE RAPE OF LUCRECE

    THE RAPE OF LUCRECE

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Boyhood

    Boyhood

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 西瓜为什么这么甜

    西瓜为什么这么甜

    本书收录了窗台上的圣诞树、吃一只鸡有多难、拉面馆里的秘密、世界上最丰盛的晚餐、雪在白菜心里起舞、美女不怕输到底、借钱等故事。
  • TFBOYS月光下的青春

    TFBOYS月光下的青春

    交警局队长的女儿上官凝月,在阴差阳错下与当红明星结缘,由此,一系列的故事发生了,他们经过了风风雨雨后,终于终成眷属。凝月也在一次次的努力下完成了她的梦想,走出了属于自己的青春。
  • 学园梦示录

    学园梦示录

    深夜梦回,才发现你不在身边,那只是个梦,于是就有无比的空虚……【黑洞文学社】
  • 仙界构造者

    仙界构造者

    原本封闭的山洞之中有一方清水潭,水潭中一轮玄月倒影静浮其上。或许是命运的使然,被师父抛弃在这个山洞、生命垂危的许青,朝着那轮水月,颤巍巍地伸出了双手!-------------------且看青阳宗一个最不受人待见的小小药童,如何一步步逆转修真界!“镜花水月,天地唯心!”
  • 宠妻总裁你别闹

    宠妻总裁你别闹

    重生归来,她一心复仇,这一世只想让那对狗男女血债血偿!只是……这个便宜未婚夫是怎么回事?帅气多金会撩人?邪魅腹黑酷霸拽?还是豪门贵公子?“嫁给我,我的一切都是你的,包括我……”看着他深情专宠的这一面。她脑袋一拧,白送的我不要!--情节虚构,请勿模仿
  • 青春葬歌

    青春葬歌

    青春,激情燃烧的岁月,在我们肆无忌惮的挥霍中渐行渐远。等时光远去,我们暮然回首才发现,原来曾经的我们是多么的无知,年少的我们干过太多的荒唐事。也许我们的青春很平凡,但是待它逝去我们还是可以骄傲的说,我的青春是独一无二的,因为它只属于我!感谢青春,感谢年华!
  • 网游之冰火战歌

    网游之冰火战歌

    这是一个平凡小子,抱得美人、取得成功的现实逆袭故事。这是一个极品菜鸟,获得友情,赢得天下的游戏争霸故事。且看主角如何在这冰与火的世界中,谱写一首壮丽的战歌。
  • 行断江湖路

    行断江湖路

    末日来了,金属没了,高楼没了,但是热血还在;同学没了,情人没了,但是兄弟还在;末日穷途,我以热血感兄弟,我以热血拓征途,患难兄弟情,行断天涯路。书中等级划分,觉醒后转职前1--25级:见习幻师,又叫幻士。转职后1--19:幻师20--39:大幻师。40--59:幻尘60-69:幻魔70-79:幻尊80-89:幻神:90(顶级):封王
  • 斗魂纪

    斗魂纪

    一位被皇族遗弃的少年觉醒神魂,他逆流而上,踏血而行,斗枭雄,灭诸王,踏九洲,于万族之中横行无忌。仇恨、杀戮、阴谋、背叛铺垫了少年通向至尊强者的骨骸阶梯。看少年凌宇如何在浩瀚的星魂大陆突破层层迷网,固本心,挥热血,交挚友,揽红颜,铸就一个属于自己的无尽帝途!
  • 灭神之旅

    灭神之旅

    美丽的“冰之国”近百年来不断有冰女离奇失踪的事件发生,神侍女海柔听从“女王”指令寻找她们的下落,却无意得知一个令人窒息的秘密——被封印亿年之久的魔王即将复活!无意间坠入凡界的她深爱上了凡界勇士奥斯卡德,却为了履行天国圣女的使命,而重归天界!痴情的奥斯卡德决定以身试法,历经了凡人所无法想象的磨难,在冰国神域大战魔王,最终使之形神俱灭,却不料心爱的海柔中了魔蝠的剧毒黏液,危在旦夕!!唯一的办法,就是必须赶在天界二十六个小时之内让她吃到神圣的金苹果!踏上“天之神界”的征途,与最强神灵的挑战,只为取得“纠纷女神”厄里斯神殿里的解药。却不幸被其戏弄而遗失冥界。面对惨绝人寰、刑罚极度险恶的幽冥地狱,他始终保持对真爱的坚贞不渝,在生死之线上不断突破命运界限,终于打败了地狱十八层里的层层妖魔,在历经浓郁的亲情、友情、爱情后,才发现原来地狱也不是没有情感的世界……