4. The Women"s Movement has had several effects on the English language. It has created Ms, a title for women comparable to the title Mr. for men. The creator of the new title objected to the title Miss and Mrs. Once given to women because these titles violated a woman"s privacy by indicating her marital status. The use of Ms. now permits women to enjoy the same privacy that men have enjoyed with the use of Mr. Second, the Movement has changed the ending of many compound words from-man to-person. For instance, the word “chairman” has been replaced in many organizations with the word “chairperson”, and the word“salesman” has become salesperson. Feminists insist that the substitution ofperson forman makes the position more suitable for members of either sex. Third， the Movement is responsible for new terms．One example is male chauvinist pig, a term applied to a man who refuses to recognize the equality of women. Another example is female chauvinist sow, a phrase used to describe a female who believes that she is superior to males. The most profound effect the Movement has had on the language is on the third person singular pronoun. Thirty years ago most English instructors forced their students to se he， him, and his for the third person singular when the sex of the person was not known. Thus， students were taught to say, “Everyone has his books”. Today many English teachers permit students to follow the feminist lead and use the masculine and feminine pronouns together. Therefore, constructions such as his or her books are common. Although the Women"s Movement may not have yet achieved all of its goals, it has made a mark on the English language．
Topic Sentence：
Details：(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Directions：Read the following paragraph．Find out the topic sentence and the concluding sentence， and rearrange the details so that the paragraph will make sense．
①In less than three years the farm had gone to pieces．②All the windows had been broken out of the big twostory farm house．③In the front of the house the grass was about three feet tall and the barn yard was full of weeds instead of pigs squealing to be fed．④There were no more cows to milk or horses to ride．⑤My grandmother"s farm has a lot of enjoyable memories for me，but after she died， I left home to join the army and when I returned，I was disappointed at the changes that had taken place．⑥Paint was peeling off the house and the porch roof was sagging. ⑦Lively as the place had been before my grandmother died, it seemed to have died with her now．⑧This farm had once been lively with the noise of a tractor plowing the land and a dog barking whenever someone came up to the house.
Topic Sentence： Supporting Details：
Concluding Sentence：
IV. Read the following paragraphs and underline the topic sentence of each． Then write your own concluding sentence to complete each paragraph．
1. Pollution has caused three major problems in the last decades．First， with the development of industry， more and more factories have been built and have sent out smoke and poisonous gases．Thus the air is polluted． The increasing number of cars adds to the air pollution． Second， farmers use chemical fertilizers to increase production and insecticide to kill insects． When rain flows with these poisonous chemicals to rivers， water is polluted． A third form of pollution， noise， is becoming more and more serious． Very loud noises can make people sick， and even drive them mad．
2. There are three important findings from studies concerned with notetaking． First，notetaking does not interfere with listening and comprehension； in fact， it helps you listen． Second， students who study their lecture notes remember one and a half times more after six weeks than students who do not review． Third， students who take no notes， or do not study their notes， forget approximately 80percent of the lecture by the end of two weeks．From these findings we can conclude that students who take enough notes and then study them， both directly after the lecture and several additional times before an examination， stand a good chance of remembering between90 and 100％ of the material！
